ABSTRACT:
We introduce a model of incentive contracting in which the principal, in addition to
writing contracts, must engage in contractibility design: creating an evidence structure
that allows them to prove when the agent has breached the contract. Designing an
evidence structure entails both (i) front-end costs borne ex ante, such as those of
drafting contracts, and (ii) back-end costs borne ex post, such as those of generating
evidence. We find that, under even small front-end costs, optimal contracts are coarse,
specifying finitely many contingencies out of a continuum of possibilities. In contrast,
under even large back-end costs, optimal contracts are complete. Applied to the design
of procurement contracts, our results rationalize: (i) the discreteness of contracts, (ii)
the presence of similarly vague contracts in low-stakes and high-stakes settings, and
(iii) the discontinuous adjustment of contracts to changes in the economic environment.